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Where to place parenthetical citations
You have three options for placing citations in relation to your text:
| Option |
Description |
Sample Citation |
|---|---|---|
1. Idea-focused |
Place the author(s) and date(s) in parentheses at an appropriate place in or at the end of a sentence |
Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common barrier to providing adequate health education (Fisher, 1999) and services (Weist & Christodulu, 2000). |
2. Researcher-focused |
Place only the date in parentheses |
Fisher (1999) recommended that health education be required for high school graduation in California. |
3. Chronology-focused |
Integrate both the author and date into your sentence |
In 2001, Weist proposed using the Child and Adolescent Planning Schema to analyze and develop community mental health programs for young people. |
Additional Guidelines
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Place citations in sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear which material has come from which sources.
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Use pronouns and transitions to help you indicate whether several sentences contain material from the same source or from different sources.
Symthe (1990) found that positioning influences ventilation. In his study of 20 ICU patients, he used two methods to. . . . However, his findings did not support the work of Karcher (1987) and Atley (1989) who used much larger samples to demonstrate that . . .
