PCA References

1. G Adriaenssens, KM Vermeyen, VL Hoffmann, E Mertens, HF Adriaensen. Postoperative analgesia with i.v. patient-controlled morphine: effect of adding ketamine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999; 83: 393-6.

2. HT Benzon, HY Wong, AM Belavic Jr., I Goodman, D Mitchell, T Lefheit, J Locicero. A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural fentanyl infusion versus patient-controlled analgesia with morphine for postthoracotomy pain. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1993; 76: 316-22.

3. DW Blake, GV Stainsby, AR Bjorksten, PJ Dawson. Patient-controlled epidural versus intravenous pethidine to supplement epidural bupivacaine after abdominal aortic surgery. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care 1998; 26: 630-5.

4. A Borgeat, H Perschak, P Bird, J Hodler, C Gerber. Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine 0.2% versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after major shoulder surgery: effects on diaphragmatic and respiratory function. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 102-8.

5. A Borgeat, E Tewes, N Biasca, C Gerber. Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine after major shoulder surgery: PCIA vs PCA. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1998; 81: 603-5.

6. MS Cepeda, L Vargas, G Ortegon, MA Sanchez, DB Carr. Comparative analgesic efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia with ketorolac versus morphine after elective intraabdominal operations. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1995;. 80: 1150-3.

7. MR Checketts, CJ Gilhooly, GN Kenny. Patient-maintained analgesia with target-controlled alfentanil infusion after cardiac surgery: a comparison with morphine PCA. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1998; 80: 748-51.

8. M Chioniere, BE Rittenhouse, S Perreault, D Chartrand, P Rousseau, B Smith, C Pepler. Efficacy and costs of patient-controlled analgesia versus regulalrly administered intramuscular opioid therapy. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 1377-88.

9. YK Choi, RE Brolin, BK Wagner, S Chou, S Etesham, P Pollak. Efficacy and safety of patient-controlled analgesia for morbidly obese patients following gastric bypass surgery. Obesity Surgery 2000; 10: 154-9.

10. DW Cooper, U Saleh, M Taylor, S Whyte, D Ryall, MS Kokri, WR Desira, H Day, E McArthur. Patient-controlled analgesia: epidural fentanyl and i.v. morphine compared after caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999; 82: 366-70.

11. JP DeFede, BE Dhanens, NL Keltner. Cost benefits of patient-controlled analgesia.  Nursing Management 1999; 20: 34-35.

12. JA Ellis, R Blouin, J Lockett. Patient-controlled analgesia: optimizing the experience. Clinical Nursing Research 1999; 8: 283-94.

13. MP Fanshawe. A comparison of patient controlled epidural pethidine versus single dose epidural morphine for analgesia after caesarean section. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care 1999; 27: 610-4.

14. J Forst, S Wolff, P Thamm, R Forst. Pain therapy following joint replacement.A randomized study of patient-controlled analgesia versus conventional pain therapy. Archives of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery 1999; 119: 267-70.

15. J D'Haese, C Vanlersberghe, V Umbrain, F Camu. Pharmaco-economic evaluation of a disposable patient-controlled analgesia device and intramuscular analgesia in surgical patients. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1998; 15: 297-303.

16. A Hallett, F O'Higgins, V Francis, TM Cook. Patient-controlled intranasal diamorphine for postoperative pain: an acceptability study. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 532-9.

17. LA Hansen, MA Noyes, ME Lehman. Evaluation of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) versusu PCA plus continuous infusion in postoperative cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1991; 6: 4-14.

18. JA Hargreaves, TW Johnson, JW Watt. Patient-controlled analgesia--who benefits? [letter; comment]. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 1017.

19. LM Joly, C Lentschener, D Benhamou. Patient-controlled intranasal analgesia [letter; comment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997; 85: 465.

20. SA Kanagasundaram, MG Cooper, LJ Lane. Nurse-controlled analgesia using a patient-controlled analgesia device: an alternative strategy in the management of severe cancer pain in children. Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health 1997; 33: 352-5.

21. DV Knoerl, M Faut-Callahan, J Paice, S Shott. Preoperative PCA teaching program to manage postoperative pain. MEDSURG Nursing 1999; 8: 25-33, 36.

22. DJ Kopacz, NE. Sharrock, HW Allen. A comparison of levobupivacaine 0.125%, fentanyl 4 microg/mL, or their combination for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after major orthopedic surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1999; 89: 1497-503.

23. MA Lucas, AW Harrop-Griffiths. Interscalene patient-controlled analgesia [see comments]. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 263-4.

24. JW Mackenzie, A Gibb. Patient-controlled regional anaesthesia [letter; comment]. Anaesthesia; 52: 71.

25. WJ Mallon, CW Thomas. Patient-controlled lidocaine analgesia for acromioplasty surgery. Journal of Shoulder & Elbow Surgery 2000; 9: 85-8.

26. C Mann, Y Pouzeratte, G Boccara, C Peccoux, C Vergne, G Bruant, J Domergue, B Millat, P Colson. Comparison of intravenous or epidural patient-controlled analgesia in the elderly after major abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 433-41.

27. H Matsui, M Kanamori, N Terahata, L Miaki, N Makiyama, T Satone, H Tsuji. Significance of patient-controlled analgesia in combination with continuous epidural block for patients who underwent posterior lumbar surgery. European Spine Journal 1998; 7: 120-4.

28. H Matsui, N Terahata, N Makiyama, M Kanamori. Significance of patient-controlled analgesia combined with continuous epidural block for patients with limb trauma. International Orthopaedics 1997; 21: 298-302.

29. JK McNeeley, NC Trentadue. Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia with and without nighttime morphine infusion following lower extremity surgery in children. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management 1997; 13: 268-73.

30. B Morlion, E Ebner, A Weber, W Finke, C Puchstein. Influence of bolus size on efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with piritramide. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999; 82: 52-5.

31. AJ Munro, GT Long, JW Sleigh. Nurse-administered subcutaneous morphine is a satisfactory alternative to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia morphine after cardiac surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998; 87: 11-5.

32. WD Ngan Kee, KS Khaw, ML Ma. The effect of the addition of adrenaline to pethidine for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 1012-6.

33. WD Ngan Kee, KS Khaw, EL Wong. Randomised double-blind comparison of morphine vs. a morphine-alfentanil combination for patient-controlled analgesia. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 629-33.

34. P O'Halloran, R Brown. Patient-controlled analgesia compared with nurse-controlled infusion analgesia after heart surgery. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing 1997; 13: 126-9.

35. M Paech. New epidural techniques for labour analgesia: patient-controlled epidural analgesia and combined spinal-epidural analgesia. [Review] [112 refs] Baillieres Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1998; 12: 377-95.

36. RK Parker, B Holtmann, PF White. Patient-controlled analgesia. Does a concurrent opioid infusionimprove pain management after surgery? JAMA 1991; 266: 1947-52.

37. RK Parker, B Holtmann, PF White. Effects of a nighttime opioid infusion with PCA therapy on patient comfort and analgesia requirements after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesiology 1992; 6: 362-7.

38. C Pasero. Oral patient-controlled analgesia. American Journal of Nursing 2000; 100: 24.

39. P Picard, JE Bazin, N Conio, F Ruiz, P Schoeffler. Ketorolac potentiates morphine in postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. Pain 1997; 73: 401-6.

40. SS Reuben, NR Connelly, S Lurie, M Klatt, CS Gibson. Dose-response of ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled analgesia morphine in patients after spinal fusion surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998; 87: 98-102.

41. DM Rosen, AM Lam, MA Carlton, GM Cario, L McBride. Analgesia following major gynecological laparoscopic surgery--PCA versus intermittent intramuscular injection. Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons 1998; 2: 25-9.

42. C Roseveare, C Seavell, P Patel, J Criswell, J Kimble, C Jones, H Shepherd. Patient-controlled sedation and analgesia, using propofol and alfentanil, during colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 1998; 30: 768-73.

43. I Rundshagen, E Kochs, T Standl, K Schnabel, AM Schulte, J Esch. Subarachnoid and intravenous PCA versus bolus administration for postoperative pain relief in orthopaedic patients. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1998;. 42: 1215-21.

44. I Rundshagen, T Standl, E Kochs, M Muller, AM Schulte, J Esch. Continuous spinal analgesia. Comparison between patient-controlled and bolus administration of plain bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief. Regional Anesthesia 1997; 22: 150-6.

45. AW Russell, AH Owen, MT Kluger, JL Plummer. Background infusion with patient-controlled analgesia: Effect of postoperative oxyhaemoglobin saturation and pain control. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 21: 174-9.

46. TJ Semple, RN Upton, PE Macintyre, WB Runciman, LE Mather. Morphine blood concentrations in elderly postoperative patients following administration via an indwelling subcutaneous cannula. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 318-23.

47. FJ Singelyn, M Deyaert, D Joris, E Pendeville, JM Gouverneur. Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, continuous epidural analgesia, and continuous three-in-one block on postoperative pain and knee rehabilitation after unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998; 87: 88-92.

48. M Smythe. Patient-controlled analgesia: a review. [Review] Pharmacotherapy 1992; 12: 132-43.

49. CC Snell, F Fothergill-Bourbonnais, S Durocher-Hendriks. Patient-controlled analgesia and intramuscular injections: a comparison of patient pain experiences and postoperative outcomes. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1997; 25: 681-90.

50. BR Stacey, TE Rudy, D Nelhaus. Management of patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison of primary surgeons and a dedicated pain service. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1997; 85: 130-4.

51. PH Tan, YY Chia, JS Perng, AK Chou, HC Chung, CC Lee. Intermittent bolus versus patient-controlled epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 1997; 35: 149-54.

52. P Tanskanen, J Kytta, T Randell. Patient-controlled analgesia with oxycodone in the treatment of postcraniotomy pain. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1999; 43: 42-5.

53. SJ Thorpe, VR Balakrishnan, LB Cook. The safety of patient-controlled sedation. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 1144-50.

54. JA Thurlow, P Waterhouse. Patient-controlled analgesia in labour using remifentanil in two parturients with platelet abnormalities. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000; 84: 411-3.

55. K Tsueda, PJ Mosca, MF Heine, GE Loyd, DA Durkis, AL Malkani, HE Hurst. Mood during epidural patient-controlled analgesia with morphine or fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1998; 88: 885-91.

56. C Van Couwenberghe, CL Pasero. Teaching patients how to use PCA. American Journal of Nursing 1998; 98: 14-5.

57. MP Vercauteren, K Geernaert, VL Hoffmann, D Dohmen, HA Adriaensen. Postoperative intrathecal patient-controlled analgesia with bupivacaine, sufentanil or a mixture of both. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 1022-7.

58. MP Vercauteren, L Van Den Bergh, SL Kartawiadi, K Van Boxem, VL Hoffmann. Addition of bupivacaine to sufentanil in patient-controlled epidural analgesia after lower limb surgery in young adults: effect on analgesia and micturition [see comments]. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 1998; 23: 182-8.

59. CL White, RP Pokrupa, MH Chan. An evaluation of the effectiveness of patient-controlled analgesia after spinal surgery. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 1998; 30: 225-32.

60. D Wholihan. A patient-education tool for patient-controlled analgesia. Oncology Nursing Forum 1997; 24: 1801-4.

61. K Wong, JL Chong, WK Lo, AT Sia. A comparison of patient-controlled epidural analgesia following gynaecological surgery with and without a background infusion. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 212-6.

62. LM Woodin. Why isn't patient-controlled analgesia relieving the pain?. Nursing 1997; 27: 66.