1. B Harms.  (1996). Thoracic versus lumbar epidural anesthesia’s effect on pain control and ileus resolution following restorative proctocolectomy.  Madison, WI: University of Wiscosnin-Madison Hospital & Clinics.

2. I Negre, JP Gueneron, SJ Jamali, S Monin, C Ecoffey. Preoperative analgesia with epidural morphine. Anesthesia & Analgesia1994; 79: 298-302.

3. SA Goodwin. A review of preemptive analgesia. [Review] [33 refs] Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing 1998; 13: 109-14.

4. J Katz. Pre-emptive analgesia: evidence, current status and future directions. [Review] [21 refs] European Journal of Anaesthesiology - Supplement 1995; 10: 8-13.

5. JA Grass. Surgical OutacomeL Regional anesthesia and analgesia versus general anesthesia.  Anesthesiology Review. XX(4)L 117.

6. J Katz, M Clairoux, BP Kavanagh, S Roger, H Nierenberg, C Redahan, AN Sandler. Pre-emptive lumbar epidural anaesthesia reduces postoperative pain and patient-controlled morphine consumption after lower abdominal surgery. Pain 1994; 59: 395-403.

7. A Gottschalk, DS Smith, DR Jobes, SK Kennedy, SE Lally, VE Noble, KF Grugan, HA Seifert, A Cheung, SB Malkowicz, BB Gutsche, AJ Wein. Preemptive epidural analgesia and recovery from radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial [see comments]. JAMA 1998; 279: 1076-82.

8. C Pasero, M McCaffery. Providing epidural analgesia. How to maintain a delicate balance. Nursing 1999; 29: 34-9.

9. S Aida, H Baba, T Yamakura, K Taga, S Fukuda, K Shimoji. The effectiveness of preemptive analgesia varies according to the type of surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1999; 89: 711-6.

10. T Goyagi, M Tanaka, T Nishikawa. ORal clonidine premedication enhances postoperative analgesia by epidural morphine. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1999; 89: 1487-91.

11. M Silvasti, M Pitkanen. Conitnuous epidural analgesia with bupivacaine-fentanyl versus patient-controlled analgesia with IV morphine for postoperative pain relief after knee ligament surgery. Acta Anesthesiologica Scandinavica 2000; 44: 37-42.

12. J Richardson, S Sabanthan, J Jones, RD Shah, S Cheema, AJ MEarne. A prospective, randomized comparison of preoperative and continuous balanced epiduralor paravertebral bupivacaine on post-thoracotomy pain, pulmonary function and stress responses. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1998; 83: 387-92.

13. M Tanaka, S Watanabe, N Matsumiya, M Okada, T Kondo, S Takahashi. Enhanced pain management for postgastrectomy patients with combined epidural morphine and fentanyl. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1997; 44: 1047-52.

14. SS Reuben. Preemptive analgesia: its role and efficacy in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction [letter; comment]. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1999; 27: 544-5.

15. G Anderson, H Rasmussen, C Rosenstock, T Blemmer, J Engbaek, M Christensen, H Ording. Postoperative pain control by epidural analgesia after transabdominal surgery. Efficacy and problems encountered in daily routine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 200; 44: 296-301.

16. CM Palmer, WM Nogami, G Van Maren, DM Alves. Postcesarean epidural morphine: a dose-response study. Anesthesia & Analgesia 200; 90: 887-91.

17. M Berti, G Fanelli, A Casati, A Albertin, S Palmisano, F Deni, V Perotti, G Torri. Patient supplemented epidural analgesia after major abdominal surgery with bupivacaine/fentanyl or ropivacaine/fentanyl. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2000; 47: 27-32.

18. F Carli, K Klubien. THoracic epidurals: is analgesia all we want? [editorial; comment]. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1999; 46: 409-14.

19. T Mishiyama, T Matsukawa, K Hanaoka. Continuous epidural administration of midalolam and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1999; 43: 568-72.

20. Y Mehta, R Juneja, H Madhok, N Trenhan. Lumbar versus thoracic epidrual buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1999; 43: 388-93.

21. G Brodner, N Mertes, H Van Aken, E Pogatzki, H Buerkle, MA MArcus, T Mollhoff. Epidural analgesia with local anesthetics after abdominal surgery: earlier motor recovery with 0.2% ropivacaine then 0.175% bupivacaine. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1999; 88: 128-33.

22. T Nishiyama, T Yokoyama, K Hanaoka. Midazolam improves postoperative epidural analgesia with continuous infusion of local anaesthetics. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998; 45: 551-5.

23. MD Jones, DD Aronsson, JM Harkins, DF Smail, LD Haugh. Epidural analgesia for postoperative pain control in children. Journal of Pediatric orthopedics 1998; 18: 492-6.

24. RP Grant. Con: every postthoacotomy patient does not deserve thoracic epidural analgesia. [Review] [43 refs] Journal of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Anesthesia 199; 13: 355-7.

25. PD SLinger. Pro: every postthoracotomy patient deserves thoarcic epidural analgesia. [Review] [43 refs] Journal of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Anesthesia 1999; 13: 350-4.

26. M Kruger. Is interpleural analgesia better than thoracic epidural analgesia after thoracotomy? [letter; comment]. Journal of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Anesthesia 1999; 13: 653-5.

27. MP Fanshawe. A comparison of patient-controlled epidural pethidine versus single dose epidural morphine for analgesia after caesarean section. Anesthesia & Intensive Care 1999; 27: 610-4.

28. JM Castellano, CG Durbin Jr. Epidural analgesia and cardiac surgery: worth the risk? [editorial; comment]. Chest 2000; 117: 305-7.

29. H Matsui, M Kanamori, N Terahata, L Miaki, N Makiyama, T Satone, H Tsuji. Significance of patient-controlled analgesia in combination with continuous epidural block for patients who underwent posterior lumbar surgery. European Spine Journal 1998; 7: 120-4.

30. AA Borakema, A Veen, V Fidler, MJ Gielen, PJ Hennis. Postoperative analgesia with intramuscular morphine at a fixed rate versus epidural morphine or sufentanil and bupivacaine in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998; 87: 1346-53.

31. JP Welch, JL Cohen, PV Vignati, LW Allen, JS Morrow, JJ Carter. Pain control following elective gastrointestinal surgery: is epidural anesthesia warranted? Connecticut Medicine 1998; 62: 461-4.

32. E Chabas, C Gomar, A Villalonga, X Sala, P Taura. Postoperative respiratory function in children after abdominal surgery. A Comparison of epidural and intramuscular morphine analgesia. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 393-7.

33. H Matsui, N Terahata, N Makiyama, M Kanamori. Significance of patient-controlled analgesia combined with continuous epidural block for patients with limb trauma. International Orthopaedics 1997; 21: 298-302.

34. L Nikolajsen, S Ilkjaer, Jh Christensen, K Kroner, TS Jensen. Randomized trial of epidural bupivacaine and morphine in prevention of stump and phantom pain in lower-limb amputation. Lnacet 1997; 350: 1353-7.

35. M McSwiney, J Cooper, S Karadia, M Campbell. Intravenous regional analgesia using morphine. The effect on postoperative pain following total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiologica 1997; 41: 345-7.