Requirements for the Major
Geology/Geological Engineering Majors
Geophysics Majors
Honors in the Major
Courses
236 Weeks Hall, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706; 608/262-8960; www.geology.wisc.edu
Professors Anderson, Bahr, Brown, Byers, Carroll, DeMets, Geary, Goodwin, Johnson, Roden, Singer, Tikoff, Thurber, Valley, Wang; Associate Professors Feigl, Kelly, Sahai, Tobin; Assistant Professors Carlson, Xu
Undergraduate advisors in the major: Dana Geary (paleontology), 315 Weeks Hall, 263-7754; Mary Anderson (hydrogeology), 419 Weeks Hall, 262-2396; Philip Brown (economic geology, mineralogy, geochemistry), 365 Weeks Hall, 262-5954; Laurel Goodwin (structural geology), 175 Weeks Hall, 265-4234; Cliff Thurber (geophysics), 104A Weeks Hall, 262-6027; Basil Tikoff (structural geology, tectonics, geophysics), 179 Weeks Hall, 262-4678
Honors advisor: Philip Brown, pbrown@geology.wisc.edu
Faculty diversity liaison: Jean M. Bahr, jmbahr@geology.wisc.edu
The complementary fields of geology and geophysics are combined in one interdisciplinary department, with graduate degrees offered in both disciplines. The undergraduate degree is in geology and geophysics.
Geology offers unusual opportunities to interweave knowledge from many disciplines in the study of natural Earth phenomena. Those who enjoy the challenge of integrating different kinds of information into a unified interpretation will find geology particularly satisfying. Most geology students enjoy travel and have a strong interest in the natural environment as it is today and as it has developed through the past 4.5 billion years. A natural capacity for historical and sequential thought, inductive reasoning, and three-dimensional perception is helpful, and these skills will be developed. Geological investigations are becoming increasingly quantitative and experimental, and thus require some computer experience and a strong foundation in chemistry, physics, and mathematics.
The student of geophysics is interested in developing a quantitative understanding of the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior from the shallow crust to deep core. Courses in geophysics apply basic physical laws and processes, such as those governing gravity, magnetism, heat flow, and seismic wave propagation, to the study of the Earth. An undergraduate may choose to concentrate in geophysics, but professional employment in the field often requires an advanced degree. Most students who pursue advanced study and careers in geophysics major in geology, physics, mathematics, or engineering as undergraduates.
Careers. More than half of all professional geologists and geophysicists work in hydrogeology or the petroleum and mining industries.Such jobs involve an unusual breadth of training and personal adaptability, and the M.S. degree is generally required. About one fifth of all geoscientists work in state and federal geological surveys, and in government research activities such as oceanographic programs. These positions largely involve problems in geologic mapping, mineral resources, groundwater, and engineering. Geophysics offers opportunities in earthquake studies, seismic verification of nuclear test bans, and crustal rock characterization techniques for waste disposal and groundwater modeling. Many geology students continue on to obtain a Ph.D. degree and become faculty members at a college or university. A geology major is also appropriate for those interested in careers in elementary or secondary education, environmental policy, or environmental law. Faculty advisors can provide additional information on career opportunities.
Preparation for graduate study. An advanced degree is normally required for professional activity in geological and geophysical sciences; the student who contemplates such a degree should satisfy both department and graduate school requirements for admission to graduate study.
Minimum requirements for admission to graduate work in geology or geophysics at most universities in the United States, including the University of Wisconsin-Madison, are:
(GLE/geology double majors should note exceptions below, under the heading Geology/Geological Engineering Majors)
Note: Students who declared a geology major before September 2001 are not subject to these requirements. Instead, they must complete 30 credits in geology and geophysics, including no more than 6 credits at the 100 level.
Students preparing to specialize in paleontology may, with approval of the Undergraduate Studies Committee, substitute Zoology 151-152 or other appropriate courses in biological sciences for the physics requirement.
Geological engineers are required to take:
Geology 202, 203, and 204.
Only one of the 300-level sequence: Geology 302, 303, or 304.
Additional required courses in geology and geophysics: Geology 455, 475, 594, 595 and 627 (note that Geology 475, 594, 595, and 627 are crosslisted with GLE).
Recommended geology electives are outlined in the GLE curriculum document (Geology 320, 411, 420, 421, 515, 629). Students who double major with GLE are allowed to substitute Engineering Mechanics 201-202 and a course in geophysics for first-semester semester physics.
Students preparing to specialize in geophysics should take an additional two semesters of math (e.g., 223 and 319, 320 or 321) and one additional semester of physics (e.g., 311, 321, 322 or 325).
To declare a major in geology, a student must have a minimum GPA of 2.5 in 9 or more credits taken in the department and must have satisfied General Education Communications Part A requirement. It is wise to declare the major as soon as possible to benefit from having a mailbox and qualifying for scholarships.
Students interested in earning Honors in the Major should consult with the department honors advisor about requirements. Students should declare to the department their intention to graduate with Honors in the Major at the end of the sophomore year or the start of the junior year and must receive permission from the department honors advisor before being admitted to the honors track.
Honors students are expected to complete a Senior Honors Thesis. Appropriate background courses for the thesis should be chosen in consultation with the student's thesis advisor. To graduate with Honors in the Major, a student must maintain a GPA of 3.4 in all geology and geophysics courses and a 3.3 overall cumulative GPA in all courses taken at UW-Madison at the time of graduation.
Note: It is possible to write a senior thesis without being in the honors program. Interested students should discuss this with a faculty member.
All classes listed in the course descriptions section will be offered regularly unless otherwise noted. Please check with the department office for information on specific courses.
For graduate courses and programs see the Graduate School Catalog. Some graduate courses with 700 numbers are open to undergraduate seniors with a 3.0 GPA with the approval of the instructor and the dean.
100 General Geology. I, II, SS; 3 cr (P-E). Geologic processes, the structure and history of the earth, and minerals, rocks, fossils, and maps; field trips and discussion section. P: Not open to those who have had Geol 101, 106 or 109. Open to Fr.
101 General Geology. I or II; 5 cr (P-E). Processes of the formation of the earth, the evolution of its principal surface and subsurface features, and the interrelationship of humans with the geological environment and materials of the earth's crust. P: Stdts who have taken Geol 100, 106 or 109 may receive only 2 cr. Open to Fr.
102 Elementary Geology Laboratory. I, II; 1 cr (P-E). Lab of either Geol 101 or 201 for major students with deficiencies; by special arrangement. P: Prev crse or con reg in geol crse.
105 Survey of Oceanography. (Crosslisted with Atm Ocn) I, II; 3-4 cr (P-E). Nature and behavior of ocean water, interaction of oceans and atmosphere, structure of the ocean floor, life in the oceans, our relationship to the marine environment. P: High school physics or chem recommended. Open to Fr.
106 Environmental Geology. (Crosslisted with Envir St) I, II; 3 cr (P-E). Application of geology to problems resulting from the ever more intense use of the earth and its resources. Lecture and discussion. P: Not open to those who have had Geology 101, 100, or 109. Open to Fr.
107 Life of the Past. I, II; 3 cr (B-E). Minerals, rocks, geologic time; origin of life; paleobiology, evolution and classification of fossil plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Lecture, lab. Field trip optional. P: Not open to those who have had Geol 204. Open to Fr.
109 Geology of the National Parks. I; 3 cr (P-E). Fundamentals of geology taught using the National Parks as examples. Includes plate tectonics, minerals, rocks, earth surface processes, and regional geology of the U.S. P: Open to Fr. Not open to those who have had Geology 100, 101 or 106.
110 Evolution and Extinction. I, II; 3 cr (B-E). Contemporary views of the origin and diversification of life; crises in the history of life, with emphasis on controversies regarding mass extinctions, particularly at the close of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. P: Open to Fr.
111 Volcanoes and Civilization. I or II; 1 cr (P-E). An introduction to the impact and influence volcanoes have had on the evolution of the Earth, life, human civilizations, and modern society. P: Open to Fr.
112 Mountains and Moving Plates. I or II; 1 cr (P-E). An introduction to the Earth's great mountain ranges, the processes that lead to their births and deaths, and the reasons why continental mountain ranges differ dramatically from oceanic mountains and mountains on other planets. P: Open to Fr.
115 Science Behind the News—The World Around Us. II; 1-2 cr (P-E). This internet course will examine the earth and environmental science behind the news with the goal of producing more informed and knowledgeable citizens. The content will vary from semester to semester as topical modules become available. P: Open to Fr. Not open to stdts who have completed other 100-level Geology crses.
117 Ex-files: Life in the Earth's Extreme Environment. II; 2 cr (B-E). This course will explore the diversity of microbial life forms in modern and ancient geological environments, with a focus on extreme environments of geological origin or relevance. Inquire-based activities will include exploration of unusual aspects of microbial life in everyday settings, as well as preparation and presentation of individual projects. P: Open to Fr.
118 Eye in the Sky: Monitoring the Earth by Satellite. II; 1 cr (P-E). Fundamentals of satellite imagery applied to the earth sciences. Basics of image interpretation. Multitemporal data. Resolution and uncertainty. Existing and emerging technologies. Orbits, wavelengths, and satellites. Socio-economic impact of remotely-sensed data. P: Open to Fr.
198 Directed Study. I, II; 1-3 cr (E). P: Graded on a Cr/N basis; requires cons inst.
199 Directed Study. I, II; 1-3 cr (E). P: Graded on a lettered basis; requires cons inst.
202 Introduction to Geologic Structures. I; 4 cr (P-I). Introduction to recognition and mapping of geologic structures in the field. Landforms, folds, faults, tectonics, geologic maps, and field instrumentation. P: Geology 100, 101, 106, 109 or cons inst.
203 Earth Materials. II; 5 cr (P-I). An overview of minerals and the three major groups of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. P: Geology 100, 101, 106, 109 or cons inst.
204 Geologic Evolution of the Earth. II; 4 cr (P-I). Physical evolution of the earth and its relationship to the development of life through geologic time. Lecture, lab, and field trips. P: Geology 100, 101, 106, 109 or cons inst.
290 Continental Drift and Global Change: A Dance Over the Eons. I or II; 3 cr (r-P-I). A one semester course designed to provide an understanding of plate motions, volcanism, and earthquakes, and their effects on the Earth's surface. The above material will be used as a basis for studying the connections between geologic processes and changes in the biosphere and atmosphere over various time scales. P: any 100 level crse in phys, biol or natural sci. Open to Fr.
302 Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior. I; 3 cr (D). Description of crust, mantle, and core of the earth as determined from geophysical and geochemical methods. P: Geology 202 & 203.
303 Fluids and Sedimentary Processes. I; 3 cr (D). Survey of fluid flow and sedimentary processes at and near the surface of the crust. Principal approach is via low-temperature aqueous geochemistry. P: Geology 203 & 204.
304 Geobiology. II; 3 cr (D). Mechanisms of evolution, major groups of the fossil record, primary events in life history, and connections between biosphere and physical earth. P: Geology 204.
320 Geomorphology. (Crosslisted with Geog) I; 3 cr (P-I). Principles and analysis of geomorphic processes and resulting land forms. Field trip. P: One of the following: Geol 100, 101, 106, 109, 204, Geog 120, 127.
326 Landforms-Topics and Regions. (Crosslisted with Geog) I or II or SS; 3 cr (P-I). Emphasis on natural and human processes that control the morphology of the land and its waterways. When taught by Knox, major emphasis on surface water hydrology, erosion, sedimentation, and physical characteristics of streams and rivers. P: Intro phy geog or phy geol crse, or cons inst.
331 Gems: The Science Behind the Sparkle. I or II; 1-2 cr (P-I). This online course covers many of the important aspects of gemology. It explores the formation, collection, properties, and treatment of many popular gemstones. P: Jr st. Stdts who have taken Geol 306 are not eligible for 331. Geol 331 does not count toward the geol major.
333 The Age of Dinosaurs. I, II; 3 cr (B-I). This course, intended for non-majors, will survey the evolution and paleobiology of important groups of vertebrates that lived during the Mesozoic Era. Animals that will be covered include dinosaurs, crocodilians, pterosaurs, lizards, turtles, and synapsids.
370 Elementary Petrology. Alt yrs.; 4 cr (P-I). Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, studied in hand sample and thin section. P: Geol 360.
376 Topics in Geology. I or II or SS; 1-3 cr (I). Special topics or discussions of recent research. To be given as the need and opportunity arise. Different sections of this course may be simultaneously offered in two or more areas of geology. May be repeated for credit. P: Cons inst.
410 Minerals as a Public Problem. (Crosslisted with Envir St) I or II; 3 cr (N-A). Distribution of mineral resources; present and future problems of mineral supply; conservation of minerals, and mineral resources in relation to national and international policy. P: Open to Fr.
411 Energy Resources. (Crosslisted with Envir St) I; 3 cr (P-I). Sources, availability of fuels. Energy conversion and efficiency. Consumption patterns and trends. Environmental consequences of energy production and use. Policy considerations and alternatives. P: Crse in college level math & a crse in phy sci or cons inst.
420 Glacial and Pleistocene Geology. (Crosslisted with Geog) II; 3 cr (P-I). Principles, characteristics and work of glaciers; events of the Pleistocene. Field trip. P: Geol 100, 101, 106 or 109 or Geog 120.
421 Applied Surficial Geology. (Crosslisted with Geog) I; 3 cr (P-I). Practical aspects of surface deposits including genesis and properties of sediments, considerations for groundwater and aggregate resources, waste disposal, and contamination potential. Surface processes such as landslides, shoreline erosion, and floods are also studied in the context of incorporating geology into land use planning. P: Any of Geology 100, 101, 106 or 109 or Geog/IES 120, 127.
430 Principles of Stratigraphy. Alt yrs.; 3 cr (P-I). Principles used in interpreting the stratigraphic record; depositional environments, correlation methods, sedimentary tectonics, cyclic sedimentation. P: Geol 203, 204 and one of 100, 101, 106 or 109.
455 Structural Geology. II; 3 cr (I). Principles of rock deformation, structures in layered rocks, structural analysis, intrusive structures. Lab: three-dimensional problems involving structural concepts; field trip. P: Geol 202, 204, one term of physics. Geol 203 recommended or con reg. Geol 456 may be taken con reg.
456 Geologic Field Methods. II; 2 cr (I). Theory and techniques of geologic mapping; field trips. Geology 456 cannot be taken in lieu of Geology 459. P: Geol 455 must be taken con reg.
457 Conducted Field Trip. II; 2 cr (I). A one or two week trip primarily for the study of the principles and methods of geologic mapping. P: Cons inst; Geol 370 or con reg.
459 Field Geology. SS; 6 cr (A). Detailed geologic mapping and solution of related problems in the field. A multi institutional course based at Park City, Utah. P: Geol 203, 455, 456 & cons inst.
462 Geologic Hazards. (Crosslisted with GLE) Irr.; 3 cr (D). Recognition, characterization and mitigation of geologic hazards. Topics include: landslides, flooding, coastal hazards, earthquakes and volcanic hazards. Technical reports, group presentations and a final mitigation design project. P: GLE/Civ Engr 330 or Geology 455 or GLE/MS&E 474.
475 Rock Mechanics Applications to Environmental Problems. (Crosslisted with MS&E, GLE) II; 3 cr (A). Classification of rock for specific engineering purposes, in situ testing, applications to surface mining and slope stability, applications to underground mining and excavations, applications to waste disposal and underground storage, applications to novel methods of in situ mining, applications to earthquakes. P: MS&E 474 or cons inst.
512 Science and Government. (Crosslisted with Envir St, Poli Sci) I or II or SS; 3-4 cr (S-I). The effect of science and technology on demands for decisions of public policy related to theory of the role of government. P: Cons inst.
514 History of Geologic Thought. (Crosslisted with Hist Sci) Alt yrs.; 3 cr (H-I). Major concepts from earliest to modern times. P: Sr st, Geol 100 or 101 & 204 or cons inst.
515 Principles of Economic Geology. Alt yrs.; I; 4 cr (I). (Open to mining engineering students for 3 cr.) Composition, structure, occurrence, origin, and economic investigation of important groups of mineral deposits; problems of mineral deposition. P: Geol 203, 204 or cons inst.
517 Monsters and Science: A History of Vertebrate Paleontology. (Crosslisted with Hist Sci) I or II; 3 cr (H-I). This course will explore the history of vertebrate paleontology, concentrating on the 19th through 21st centuries. The shifting and sometimes uncomfortable relations between paleontology and other sciences, the arts and the public will be a major theme of the course. P: Jr st.
523 Quaternary Vegetation Dynamics. (Crosslisted with Geog) I or II; 3 cr (B-A). Geographic responses of plant species and terrestrial ecosystems to late-Quaternary environmental change, particularly changes in climate and carbon dioxide. Quarternary vegetation dynamics are relevant to understanding vegetational responses to the 21st-century climate change. Laboratory section emphasizes multivariate data analysis and vegetational modeling. P: Jr st & Geog 120/127 or equiv.
524 Advanced Landform Geography. (Crosslisted with Geog) I or II; 3 cr (P-A). Purposes, methods, and content of analysis of landforms, with emphasis on quantitative descriptive regional variation, and functional relationships. P: Cons inst or Jr st.
527 The Quaternary Period. (Crosslisted with Geog) I or II; 3 cr (P-A). Principles of Quaternary studies emphasizing terrestrial records and paleoecology of the past two million years and comparisons with the deep ocean record and models of climatic change. P: 1 intermed-level crse in physical geog or geol; or cons inst.
530 Sedimentary Basins. Alt yrs.; I; 3 cr (I). Origin, evolution, and resource significance of sedimentary basins; tectonic settings and significance, subsidence and thermal histories, basin-scale depositional systems, paleocurrent and provenance analysis, basin types, paleoclimatic influences, petroleum generation, fluid flow. P: Geol 430.
533 Resources From Space. (Crosslisted with NE, Astron) Irr.; 3 cr (D). This is a course on the location, extraction, and use of resources that exist in space. These resources include raw materials for life support, structure, and energy. P: Sr st, 1st-yr grads in engr or physical sci, or cons inst.
540 Invertebrate Paleontology I. Alt yrs.; I; 3 cr (P-I). Biologic, chemical, and stratigraphic relationships of fossil invertebrates; evolutionary trends of invertebrates as interpreted from fossil evidence. P: Geol 107 or 204.
541 Paleobiology. Alt yrs.; I; 3 cr (D). What the fossil record can tell us about the evolutionary process. Topics include: the study of form; tempo and mode of evolution; levels and mechanisms of evolutionary change; extinction in the fossil record; trends in the history of life. P: Course in paleontology (Geol 540, 544, or 740) or course in ecology (Zool, Bot 460).
544 Evolution of the Vertebrates. Irr.; 2 cr (P-I). Vertebrate paleontology. Elements of vertebrate morphology, ecology, and the stratigraphic significance of vertebrate evolution. P: One of Geol 100, 101, 107, 204 or Zoology 101 or 151.
550 Geological Oceanography. (Crosslisted with Envir St) II; 3 cr (I). Geologic and geophysical evidence for the history of the ocean basins and their accumulated sediments. Sediment inputs, dispersal, and deposition in the oceans. Sea floor spreading and evidence for the plate tectonic history of the oceans. Mineral deposits in the deep oceans. Modern techniques in geological oceanography. P: Cons inst.
555 Airphoto Interpretation for Terrain Evaluation. (Crosslisted with Civ Engr, GLE) Alt yrs.; I; 2 cr (P-I). Determination of soil, bedrock, and drainage characteristics of land areas by airphoto interpretation; physical characteristics of landforms; use of airphoto interpretation for engineering soil surveys, land use suitability evaluation, and land use planning. P: Civ Engr 301 & one of the following: Geology 100 or 101, or Geog/Envir St 120 or 127.
556 Mountain Belts. Alt yrs.; I or II; 3 cr (D). Examination of interaction of tectonic plates and the resulting structures. P: Geology 455.
557 Structural Petrology. Alt yrs.; II; 3 cr (P-D). Petrographic investigation of rock fabrics and deformation using thin sections. Use of microscopes and U-stage. P: Geol 203 &455.
575 Principles of Geochemistry. Alt yrs.; 3 cr (I). Application of the principles of chemistry to the solution of problems in geology, covering selected topics on heterogeneous phase equilibria, solution geochemistry, geochronology, trace element geochemistry, and isotope geochemistry. P: Geol 203, Chem 109, or cons inst.
590 Applied Geophysics I. I; 3 cr (I). Applications of physics to measurements of Earth structure I: seismic methods and ray theory, random noise and signal enhancement, and multiple detector arrays. P: One yr calc (equiv Math 221-222) required, Math 223 recom. One yr college physics (Physics 207-208 recom). Experience with personal computer use desirable.
591 Applied Geophysics Laboratory I. I; 1 cr (I). Field- and lab-based application of seismic refraction and reflection techniques to image the shallow sub-surface. P: Con reg in Geology 590 or cons inst. Experience with personal computer use desirable.
592 Applied Geophysics II. Alt yrs.; 3 cr (A). Applications of physics to measurements of Earth structure II: resistivity and radar measurements, gravitational and magnetic methods. P: One yr calc (equiv Math 221-222) required, Math 223 recom. One yr coll physics (Physics 207-208 recom). Experience with personal computer use desirable.
593 Applied Geophysics Laboratory II. Alt yrs.; 1 cr (A). Lab and field experiments with gravimeters, magnetometers, ground-penetrating radars, and electrical resistivity equipment. P: Con reg in Geology 592 or cons inst. Experience with personal computer use desirable.
594 Introduction to Applied Geophysics. (Crosslisted with GLE) I; 3 cr (D). Survey of applied geophysics, including seismic refraction, seismic reflection, electrical resistivity, gravity, and magnetics methods. The course will cover the basic physics of each method and modeling techniques and field procedures. P: 1 yr of college calc, 1 yr of college physics.
595 Field Methods in Applied and Engineering Geophysics. (Crosslisted with GLE) I; 1 cr (A). The application of geophysical field methods for delineating near-surface features and/or structures as applied to engineering, environmental and exploration problems. P: 1 yr coll calc, 1 yr coll physics or EMA 201, 202 & Physics 202, prev or con reg in GLE/Geology 594.
610 Geochronology, Timescales, and Rates of Geologic Processes. Alt yrs.; I; 3 cr (A). Application of radioisotopic (Ar-Ar, U-Pb, U-Th, U-He) and cosmogenic (He, Ne, Cl, Be, C) dating methods. Status of geologic, astronomic and paleomagnetic timescales, Chronology of flood basalts, impacts, extinctions, glaciations. Constraints on rates of magmatism, mountain uplift, deformation, erosion, sedimentation. P: Geol 203 or equiv, or cons inst.
627 Hydrogeology. (Crosslisted with GLE) I; 3-4 cr (I). Mathematical treatment of the physical principles governing the flow of groundwater; emphasis on well hydraulics and flow system analysis; problem sets and class projects. P: Intro course in geol, Jr st & Math 221 or equiv.
629 Contaminant Hydrogeology. (Crosslisted with GLE) II; 3 cr (A). Physical and chemical processes governing the transport of solutes in groundwater; application of hydrogeologic and geochemical theory and practice to the protection of aquifers from contamination; problem sets and group projects. P: Geology 627 and college level chemistry or cons inst.
630 Physical Sedimentology. Alt yrs.; II; 3-4 cr (A). (Students with prior comparable lab training can elect lecture only for 3 cr.) Textures and structures of clastic sediments; physical processes of deposition (e.g. fluid transport, cohesion, gravity deformation, liquefaction); and survey of clastic depositional systems or environments. P: Geol 101 & 204; also 203 & 430 or cons inst.
641 Fractures in Geologic Materials. (Crosslisted with GLE) Irr.; 3 cr (A). Principles of fracture mechanics applied to geologic materials and role of fractures in fluid flow. Analysis of faults, dikes, joints, veins, solution surfaces and other fractures. Field trip; presentation and discussion of rock fracture literature; final paper. P: GLE 474 or Geology 455.
665 X-Ray Crystallography. Irr.; 3 cr (I). Fundamentals, theory, application and interpretation of all powder and single crystal techniques. P: Not open to auditors.
681 Senior Honors Thesis. I, II, SS; 3 cr (A). P: Cons inst.
682 Senior Honors Thesis. I, II, SS; 3 cr (A). P: Cons inst.
691 Senior Thesis. I, II, SS; 3-4 cr (D). The senior thesis involves research conducted in collaboration with a faculty member (non honors students). P: Major in geology and geophysics or geological engineering.
692 Senior Thesis. I, II, SS; 3-4 cr (D). The senior thesis involves research conducted in collaboration with a faculty member (non honors students). P: Major in geology and geophysics or geological engineering.
698 Directed Study. I, II, SS; 1-6 cr (A). P: Jr or Sr st. Graded on a Cr/N basis; requires cons inst.
699 Directed Study. I, II, SS; 1-6 cr (A). P: Jr or Sr st. Graded on a lettered basis; requires cons inst.