Undergraduate Degree Program
Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Curriculum
Courses
Room 2130 Engineering Centers Building, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1609; 608/263-4660; www.bme.wisc.edu
Professors Radwin (chair), Alexander (Oncology), Anderson (Orthopedics and Rehabilitation), Beebe (Mechanical Engineering), Block (Medical Physics), Chesler (Mechanical Engineering), Crone (Engineering Physics), Eldridge (Pediatrics), Fain (Medical Physics/Radiology), Ferrier (Mechanical Engineering), Field (Radiology), Fronczak (Mechanical Engineering), Furgeson (Pharmacy), Grist (Medical Physics/Radiology), Gruben (Kinesiology/Mechanical Engineering), Hagness (Electrical and Computer Engineering), Hall (Medical Physics), Heiderscheit (Orthopedics and Rehabilitation), Henderson (Engineering Physics/Medical Physics), Jeraj (Medical Physics), H. Jiang (Electrical and Computer Engineering), J. Jiang (Surgery), Kao (Pharmacy), Keely (Pharmacology), Lakes (Engineering Physics), Mackie (Engineering Physics/Medical Physics), Martin (Mechanical Engineering), Masters, McMahon (Civil and Environmental Engineering), Meyerand (Medical Physics), Mistretta (Medical Physics/Radiology), Montgomery (Neurology), Muir (Veterinary Medicine), C. Murphy (Veterinary Medicine), R. Murphy (Chemical and Biological Engineering), W. Murphy (Materials Science and Engineering/Pharmacology), Ogle, Palecek (Chemical and Biological Engineering), Ploeg (Mechanical Engineeing), Reeder (Radiology), Shusta (Chemical and Biological Engineering), Spalding (Botany), Thelen (Mechanical Engineering), Thiebeault (Otolaryngology) Thomadsen (Engineeirng Physics/Human Oncology/Medical Physics), Tompkins (Electrical and Computer Engineering), Vanderby (Orthopedic Surgery/Mechanical Engineering/Engineering Physics), Vanderheiden (Industrial and Systems Engineering), van der Weide (Electrical and Computer Engineering), Varghese (Medical Physics), Webster, White (Molecular Biology/Anatomy), Williams, J. Yin (Chemical and Biological Engineering), T. Yin (Physiology), Zagzebski (Medical Physics/Radiology)Biomedical engineering (BME) is the application of engineering tools for solving problems in biology and medicine. It is an engineering discipline that is practiced by professionals trained primarily as engineers, who specialize in medical and biological applications. As engineers, BMEs are engaged in design and problem solving. BMEs assert their multidisciplinary expertise for designing new medical instruments and devices, applying engineering principles for understanding and repairing the human body, and for decision making and cost containment using engineering tools. BME is an interdisciplinary profession. BMEs often work in teams consisting of engineers, physicians, biologists, nurses and therapists.
The BME undergraduate degree emphasizes engineering design in preparation for employment in biomedical industries and for graduate study. Novel aspects of the undergraduate program include design projects throughout the curriculum supervised by a faculty mentor and a committee of affiliated faculty, clinicians and biomedical industry professionals; industry cooperatives/internships; continuous advising; flexibility in engineering specialization areas; in program evaluation and improvement; and an option to complete an M.S. degree in just one year after the B.S. degree. The BME curriculum will also enable a student to prepare for medical school in four years.
Biomedical engineering combines engineering expertise with medical needs for the enhancement of health care. It is a branch of engineering in which knowledge and skills are developed and applied to define and solve problems in biology and medicine. Students choose the biomedical engineering field to be of service to people; for the excitement of working with living systems; and to apply advanced technology to the complex problems of medical care. The biomedical engineer is a health care professional, a group which includes physicians, nurses, and technicians. Biomedical engineers may be called upon to design instruments and devices, to bring together knowledge from many sources to develop new procedures, or to carry out research to acquire knowledge needed to solve new problems. Some of the well-established specialty areas within the field of biomedical engineering are bioinstrumentation, biomechanics, biomolecular engineering, radiological engineering, tissue engineering, biomaterials, systems physiology, and rehabilitation engineering. BME students choose a course of study that emphasizes one of the following technical areas:
Biomechanics applies engineering mechanics for understanding biological processes and for solving medical problems at systemic, organ, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Biomechanics includes the mechanics of connective tissues (ligament tendon, cartilage and bone) as well as orthopedic devices (fracture fixation hardware and joint prostheses); vascular remodeling (normal and pathological mechanics of pulmonary hypertension); muscle mechanics with injury and healing, human motor control, neuromuscular adaptation (with age, injury and disease); microfluidics for cellular and subcellular applications, cellular motility and adhesion. Rehabilitation engineering focuses on quantifying, adapting, and restoring function for individuals who have lost abilities because of a condition at birth, accident, illness, or aging.
Bioinstrumentation is the application of electronics and measurement principles and techniques to develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease. It involves knowledge in bioelectronics, biosignal processing, or biocomputing. Examples include medical instruments and devices such as the electrocardiogram cardiac pacemaker, blood pressure measurement, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, kidney dialysis, and ventilators. Microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) and microscale phenomena is an emerging area of research in biomedical engineering. Many of life's fundamental processes take place on the micro and nano scale. The ability to engineer systems at the cellular scale enables the creation of new tools, instruments and methods for the quantitative study of cell biology. Understanding cell function and behavior is essential for the development of new treatments and therapies. Neuroengineering involves the use of engineering technology to study the function of various neural systems and involves the development of implantable technology and materials for neuroprosthetic and rehabilitation applications or basic neuroscience studies.
Biomaterials are synthetic or biological materials used for the permanent augmentation or replacement of tissues, as well as for applications that require a relatively short duration. A wide range of materials are employed in the construction of biomedical devices such as artificial blood vessels, mechanical heart valves, breast implants, orthopedic joints, dental fillings, and devices such as intravenous catheters and drug delivery vehicles. Understanding the properties of the material is vital in the design of implant materials. The selection of an appropriate material to place in the human body may be one of the most difficult tasks faced by the biomedical engineer. Biomimetics considers the intricate nano, micro, and macro architecture and multifunctional properties of biological systems that are used as the foundation biomimetic material design. Tissue engineering is the application of engineering and the biological sciences to understand structure-function relationships in normal and pathological tissues and to develop biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or improve function.
Biomedical imaging designs and enhances systems for noninvasive human imaging by measuring the body's response to physical phenomena. Although the field has traditionally concentrated on anatomical imaging for diagnostic information, it is expanding into functional and therapeutic applications. Advanced capabilities result when fundamentals of engineering, physics, and computer technology are applied in conjunction with the expertise of clinical collaborators.
Healthcare and medical informatics blends healthcare management and information systems. Biomedical engineers use medical informatics for improving healthcare outcomes through the application of information technologies. Medical informatics deals with the resources, devices, and methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health and biomedicine. This involves developing strategies for clinical decision making, such as a computer-based system for managing the care of patients or for diagnosing diseases.
These specialty areas frequently depend on each other. Often the biomedical engineer who works in an applied field will use knowledge gathered by biomedical engineers working in more basic areas. For example, the design of an artificial hip is greatly aided by a biomechanical study of the hip. The forces which are applied to the hip can be considered in the design and material selection for the prosthesis. Similarly, the design of systems to electrically stimulate paralyzed muscle to move in a controlled way uses knowledge of the behavior of the human musculoskeletal system. The selection of appropriate materials used in these devices falls within the realm of the biomaterials engineer. These are examples of the interactions among the specialty areas of biomedical engineering.
The 128-credit, four-year BME core curriculum is shown below. At UW Madison, new students admitted to the College of Engineering are assigned to the pre-engineering classification. All pre-engineering students take the same basic science and math courses and transfer into a degree-granting program as soon as they are eligible, usually in the Sophomore I semester. The admission criteria for the BME Program is above the minimum required for the College of Engineering. Since space is limited, the BME Program will admit only outstanding students.
Designing and close advising are significant aspects of the new undergraduate program. Students take an advising/design project course every semester during the sophomore through senior years. A faculty member advises small teams of students, serving as their advisor/consultant/mentor, to guide them through real-world design projects solicited from clients throughout the university and from industry. This design sequence of six courses culminates in a capstone design of a real world (e.g., rehabilitation engineering) project in the senior year. Potential clients for the design projects are BME researchers, clinicians, and biomedical industry representatives. The clients serve as resources for students in their project, conduct discussions, and expose the students to various aspects of the BME field. This novel approach gives the students an exceptionally balanced education by incorporating clinical and biomedical industry issues. Students can choose to have optional coop experiences with local or national medical device manufacturers, hospitals, or laboratories.
Students transferring from other UW-Madison undergraduate programs or from outside of UW-Madison may need to make up course deficiencies. Consult Ann Morris, the Transfer Admissions Coordinator, about transfer credits.
Students successfully completing the B.S. degree in BME, with an overall GPA of 3.0 or a GPA of 3.25 for the last 60 credits of the B.S. program are eligible to apply for the 24-credit M.S. degree.
Chem 109 General Chemistry I (i), 5 cr (M)
Math 221 Calculus Analytic Geometry, 5 cr
EPD 155 Basic Communication (a), 2 cr
InterEgr 160 Introduction to Engineering, 3 cr (R)
Chem 327 General Chemistry (k), 4 cr (M)
Math 222 Calculus Analytic Geometry, 5 cr
EMA 201 Statics, 3 cr
Chem 343 Introductory Organic Chemistry (h), 3 cr (M)
Zoology 101 Animal Biology (c,d), 3 cr (M)
Zoology 102 Animal Biology Lab (c,d), 2 cr (M)
EMA 202 or ME 240 Dynamics, 3 cr
Math 234 Calculus, 3 cr
Phys 202 General Physics, 5 cr
BME 200 Biomedical Engineering Design, 1 cr
Chem 345 Intermediate Organic Chemistry (f,k), 3 cr (M)
ECE 230, Circuit Analysis, 4 cr
CS 302 or CS 310, Computer Programming elective, 3 cr
BME 310 Bioinstrumentation, 3 cr
BME 201 Biomedical Engineering Design, 1 cr
Advanced Math Elective (e), 3 cr
Chem 344 Introductory Organic Chemistry Lab (f,k), 2 cr (M)
Physiology 335 Physiology (c), 5 cr
BME 315 Biomechanics, 3 cr
BME 300 Biomedical Engineering Design, 1 cr
Stat 541 or 371, Biostatistics elective, 3 cr
Liberal Studies Elective, 2 cr
Advanced Zoology Elective (c,g), 3 cr (M)
Advanced Zoology Lab Elective (c,f), 2 cr (M)
BME 430 Biological Interactions with Materials, 3 cr
BME 301 Biomedical Engineering Design, 1 cr
Engineering Technical Elective, 3 cr
Liberal Studies Elective, 4 cr
EPD 397 Technical Communication, 3 cr
BME 400 Biomedical Engineering Capstone Design Course, 3 cr
Engineering Technical Electives, 6 cr
Liberal Studies Elective, 4 cr
BME 402 Biomedical Engineering Design, 1 cr
Advanced Biomedical Engineering Technical Elective (j), 3 cr
Engineering Technical Elective, 6 cr
Liberal Studies Electives, 6 cr
Notes:
(M) All these courses should be taken for students interested in satisfying premed requirements.
(R) Recommended for all new Freshmen. Students not taking InterEgr 160 are required to take an additional Engineering Technical Elective.
(a) Any approved Comm A course may be substituted for EPD 155.
(c) Students very serious about medical school may select to replace this set of courses with Biocore 301, 303, 304, 323, 324, 333. The Biocore courses have limited enrollment and students must be accepted into this program as freshmen.
(d) Zoology 151 and Zoo 152 may be substituted for Zoo 101 and Zoo 102.
(e) Students choose from Math 319 or 320.
(f) If not interested in satisfying all premed requirements, students may substitute a free elective course for this one.
(g) Students must choose from Human Anatomy (Anatomy 328), Comparative Anatomy (Zoology 430), Introduction to Animal Development (Zoology 470), Cell Biology (Zoology 570), Comparative Physiology (Zoology 611), or Genetics (Zoology 466), or Biological Interactions (Biocore 333).
(h) Chemistry 341 may be substituted by those students who are not interested in satisfying all premed requirements and who expect to take only ones semester of organic chemistry.
(i) Chem 103 and 104 may be substituted for Chem 109.
(j) Students choose from the following list. A course used to fulfill this requirement cannot also be used as part of the student's 12-credit area technical elective requirement: Mathematical and Computer Modeling of Physiological Systems (BME 461), Medical Instrumentation (BME 462), Computers in Medicine (BME 463), Biofluidics (BME 505), Introduction to Tissue Engineering (BME 510), Stem Cell Bioengineering (BME 520), Medical Imaging Systems (BME 530), Introduction to Biological and Medical Microsystems (BME 550), Biochemical Engineering (BME 560), Occupational Ergonomics and Biomechanics (BME 564), Tissue Mechanics (BME 615), Design and Human Disability and Aging (BME 662).
(k) Either Chem 344&345 or Chem 327 (or 329) are required. Premeds should choose to take Chem 344&345. Premeds may also choose to take both Chem 109 and 327 (or 329) or alternately Chem 103&104, since many medical schools specify one year of general chemistry.
BME majors must take 12 credits of area technical electives in one of the following tracks:
1 Cooperative Education Program. I, II, SS; 1 cr. Work experience which combines classroom theory with practical knowledge of operations to provide students with a background upon which to base a professional career in industry. P: So st.
200 Biomedical Engineering Design. I; 1 cr. Students will work in a team on a client-centered biomedical engineering design project to learn concept generation, product analysis, specifications, evaluation, clinical trials, regulation, liability, and ethics. P: So st in biomedical engineering.
201 Biomedical Engineering Design. II; 1 cr. Students will work in a team on a client-centered biomedical engineering design project to learn concept generation, product analysis, specifications, evaluation, clinical trials, regulation, liability, and ethics. P: So st in biomed engr, BME 310 or con reg.
300 Biomedical Engineering Design. I; 1 cr. Students will work in a team on a client-centered biomedical engineering design project to learn concept generation, product analysis, specifications, evaluation, clinical trials, regulation, liability, and ethics. P: BME 201, & 315 or con reg.
301 Biomedical Engineering Design. II; 1 cr. Students will work in a team on a client-centered biomedical engineering design project to learn concept generation, product analysis, specifications, evaluation, clinical trials, regulation, liability, and ethics. P: Jr st in biomed engr, BME 430 or con reg.
310 Bioinstrumentation. II; 3 cr. A sophomore level first course in bioinstrumentation covering clinical and research measurements. Laboratory experiments complement the lectures. P: Math 234, con reg in ECE 230, Chem 109. Open only to BME majors or cons inst.
315 Biomechanics. I; 3 cr. This course will provide an introduction to the mechanical behavior of biological tissues and systems. Specific topics include: structure and function of biological tissues, mechanical properties of biological tissues, and analysis of specific tissues (i.e. bone, muscle, and soft connective tissues). P: Math 234; EMA 202 or ME 240.
320 Introductory Transport Phenomena. (Crosslisted with CBE) I, II; 4 cr (P-I). Mass, momentum, and energy transport; calculation of transport coefficients; solution to problems in viscous flow, heat conduction, and diffusion; dimensional analysis; mass, momentum, and heat transfer coefficients; over-all balances; elementary applications. P: Physics 201, Math 319 or 320, CBE 250 with grade of C or better; or cons inst.
389 Honors in Research. I, II, SS; 1-3 cr. Undergraduate honors research projects supervised by faculty members. Not available for graduate credit. P: Admission to BME Undergraduate Honors in Research Program.
399 Independent Study. I, II, SS; 1-3 cr (A). P: So st in biomedical engineering & cons inst.
400 Capstone Design Course in Biomedical Engineering. I; 3 cr. This capstone course applies classroom study to solve a directed client-based biomedical engineering design project. P: BME 301, 310, 315, 430, Sr st in biomed engr or cons inst.
402 Biomedical Engineering Design. II; 1 cr. Students work in a team to evaluate, refine, document and orally present a client-centered biomedical engineering design completed in capstone design course. P: BME 400, Sr st in biomed engr or cons inst.
430 Biological Interactions with Materials. (Crosslisted with Phm Sci) II; 3 cr. This course addresses the range of materials currently being utilized for various biomedical applications, the biological systems governing biomaterial applications, analytical techniques pertinent to biomaterial evaluation, and selected major medical applications in which biomaterials play an important role. P: 1 yr of general biol or two semesters of zool, & 1 semester of organic chem, or cons inst.
461 Mathematical and Computer Modeling of Physiological Systems. (Crosslisted with ECE) II; 3 cr. Mathematical and computer modeling of physiological systems; principal emphasis on cardiovascular system and individual nerve cells; other topics include respiratory system and skeletal-muscle system; extensive use of "hands-on" computer modeling using ACSL. P: ECE 330 or cons inst.
462 Medical Instrumentation. (Crosslisted with ECE) I; 3 cr. Design and application of electrodes, biopotential amplifiers, biosensors, therapeutic devices. Medical imaging. Electrical safety. Measurement of ventilation, blood pressure and flow. Lecture and lab. P: ECE 342 or cons inst.
463 Computers in Medicine. (Crosslisted with ECE) I; 3 cr. Study of microprocessor-based medical instrumentation. Emphasis on real-time analysis of electrocardiograms. Labs and programming project involve design of biomedical digital signal processing algorithms. P: ECE 330, Comp Sci 302.
489 Honors in Research. I, II, SS; 1-3 cr. Undergraduate honors research projects supervised by faculty members. Not available for graduate credit. P: Admission to BME Undergraduate Honors in Research Program.
501 Radiological Physics and Dosimetry. (Crosslisted with Med Phys, H Oncol, Physics) I; 3 cr (A). Interactions and energy deposition by ionizing radiation in matter; concepts, quantities and units in radiological physics; principles and methods of radiation dosimetry. P: Calculus and modern physics.
505 Biofluidics. II; 3 cr. Introduction to blood rheology, blood flow dynamics in arteries, capillaries and veins, airflow in the lungs, and other physiological flow phenomena. Healthy and diseased states will be considered. Special topics may include ocular flow dynamics and electro-chemical-fluidics in cartilage. P: EMA 201; EMA 202 or ME 240; Physiol 335; or cons inst.
510 Introduction to Tissue Engineering. (Crosslisted with CBE) I; 3 cr. Overview of tissue engineering, including discussion of cell sources, cell-material interactions, tailoring biomaterials, methods of culture and characterization of engineering tissues, ethical issues, concluding with case studies of specific types of tissue engineering. Optional laboratory exercises offered throughout semester. P: BME 430 or equiv, or cons inst.
515 Therapeutic Medical Devices. II; 1 cr. Design of medical devices to treat pathology. Open to majors in biomedical engineering. One lecture each week. P: BME 310, BME 315, Physiol 335. Con reg in BME 430.
517 Biology in Engineering Seminar. (Crosslisted with CBE, BSE) I; 1 cr. Current topics at the interface of biology and engineering with special emphasis on the ways in which engineers have contributed to knowledge and advances in biology. P: Jr st in engr & one college-level biol crse.
520 Stem Cell Bioengineering. (Crosslisted with CBE) I; 3 cr. Covers engineering approaches that are used to understand and manipulate stem cells. Concepts covered include: introduction to stem cell biology, quantitative modeling of stem cell signaling, methods to engineer the stem cell microenvironment, and the role of stem cells in tissue development and regeneration. P: Math 319 or 320, Zoology 470 or 570, Chem 343, or cons inst.
530 Medical Imaging Systems. (Crosslisted with Med Phys) II; 3 cr. 2D Fourier image representation, sampling, and image filtering with applications in medical imaging. Principles of operation, impulse responses, signal-to-noise, resolution and design tradeoffs in projection radiography, tomography, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. P: ECE 330 or Med Phys 473 or equiv or cons inst. Knowledge of linear signals & systems, convolution, basic probability, Id Fourier Transforms.
550 Introduction to Biological and Medical Microsystems. I; 3 cr. Introduces students to the field of Mems (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems), as it applies to biology and medicine. Topics will cover methodology of traditional Mems devices, how they can be incorporated with biological systems, and methods for micro-structuring biological materials. P: Zool 152, BME 310, or cons inst.
560 Biochemical Engineering. (Crosslisted with CBE) I; 3 cr (P-A). Application of chemical engineering principles to biomedical and microbiological problems. P: CBE 426; Chem 561 or 562; Biochem 501 or equiv; or cons inst.
561 Biomolecular Engineering Laboratory. (Crosslisted with CBE) Irr.; 3 cr. Brief review of physical chemistry of biological macromolecules. Theory and laboratory experiments aimed at developing skills at preparing and characterizing biological macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies. Half-semester-long laboratory project focused on design of a specific process/product involving biomolecules. P: CBE 311; Chem 561 or 562 or 565 or equiv; Biocore 303 or Biochem 501 or equiv; or cons inst.
564 Occupational Ergonomics and Biomechanics. (Crosslisted with ISyE) II; 3 cr. Introduces engineers how to design manufacturing and industrial operations in which people play a significant role, so that human capabilities are maximized, physical stress is minimized, and workload is optimized. Examples and topics emphasize industrial applications. P: Ind Engr 349, Grad st or cons inst.
566 Physics of Radiotherapy. (Crosslisted with Med Phys) II; 3 cr. Ionizing radiation use in radiation therapy to cause controlled biological effects in cancer patients. Physics of the interaction of the various radiation modalities with body-equivalent materials, and physical aspects of clinical applications; lecture and lab. P: Med Phys 501.
567 The Physics of Diagnostic Radiology. (Crosslisted with Med Phys) I; 3 cr (B-I). Physics of x-ray diagnostic procedures and equipment, radiation safety, general imaging considerations; lecture and lab. P: Modern physics, calculus, and Fourier analysis, or cons inst.
568 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (Crosslisted with Med Phys) II; 3 cr. Physics and technology of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), emphasizing techniques employed in medical diagnostic imaging. Major topics: physics of MR, pulse sequences, hardware, imaging techniques, artifacts, and spectroscopic localization. P: Crses in mod physics & calc, incl Fourier Anal, req. Crses in other med imaging tech e.g. Med Phys 567, & crses in signal processing, or Med Phys 573 recommended.
573 Medical Image Science: Deterministic Aspects. (Crosslisted with Med Phys) I; 3 cr. The conceptual and mathematical foundations of linear systems theory in medical imaging, with example demonstrations of their applications in particular medical imaging modalities. P: 1 yr each of undergrad physics & calc or cons inst.
574 Medical Image Science: Stochastic Aspects. (Crosslisted with Med Phys) II; 3 cr. The conceptual and mathematical foundations of probability and statistics in medical imaging, and demonstrations of the applications of these foundations in particular medical imaging modalities. P: Med Phys/BME 573 or cons inst.
575 Diagnostic Ultrasound Physics. (Crosslisted with Med Phys) I; 3 cr. Propagation of ultrasonic waves in biological tissues; principles of ultrasonic measuring and imaging instrumentation; design and use of currently available tools for performance evaluation of diagnostic instrumentation; biological effects of ultrasound. P: Modern physics, calculus & Fourier analysis or cons inst.
601 Special Topics in Biomedical Engineering. Irr.; 1-3 cr. Topics vary. P: Grad st or cons inst.
603 Topics in Bio-Medical Engineering. (Crosslisted with ME) Irr.; 1-3 cr (P-I). Various aspects of living systems of interest to the mechanical engineer, such as the mechanics of hearing and vision, cardiac and central nervous systems, artificial organs, blood flow behavior, and energy-transfer processes. P: Cons inst.
615 Tissue Mechanics. I; 3 cr. This course will focus on solid mechanics of prominent musculoskeletal and cardiovascular tissues. Their normal and pathological behaviors (stiffness, strength, relaxation, creep, adaptive remodeling, etc.) in response to physiologic loading will be examined and quantified. P: BME 315 or cons inst.
619 Microscopy of Life. (Crosslisted with Physics, Anatomy, Chem, Med Phys, Phmcol-M, Radiol) II; 3 cr (I). Survey of state of the art microscopic, cellular and molecular imaging techniques, beginning with subcellular microscopy and finishing with whole animal imaging. P: 2nd semester intro physics including light & optics (e.g. 104, 202, 208) or cons inst.
662 Design and Human Disability and Aging. (Crosslisted with ISyE) II; 3 cr. Design of products for persons with physical, sensory or cognitive impairments is covered as well as the design of standard mass market products. Interdisciplinary teams explore specific disabilities, then design a standard mass market product in competition with each other. P: Jr st or cons inst.
699 Advanced Independent Study. I, II, SS; 1-5 cr (A). Under faculty supervision. P: Cons inst.