BS 1976, Fermentation Science, University of California,
Davis
MS 1978, Food Science, University of California,
Davis
ScD 1983, Food Microbiology, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Postdoc, 1985, Bacterial Physiology and Genetics,
Harvard Medical School
CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS
Interspecies transfer of the gene coding for botulinum
toxins.
Regulation of expression of botulinum toxins.
Purification, stabilization, and characterization
of botulinum toxins.
Development of botulinum toxin as a pharmaceutical.
Behavior and control of Clostridium botulinum
in foods.
Assessment of the safety of new food processing
procedures, e.g., modified atmosphere packaging, on safety from
botulism.
Characterization and application in foods of
naturally occurring antimicrobials, including lactoperoxidase,
lactoferrin, monoglycerides, polyacetylenes, lysozyme, and other
lytic enzymes.
Behavior and control of Listeria monocytogenes
in foods.
Control of pathogens in reduced fat cheeses.
RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Search
Pubmed for Publications Authored by Johnson,
E.A.
Eubanks, L. M., M. S. Hixon, W. Jin, S. Hong, C.
M. Clancy, W. H. Tepp, M. R. Baldwin, C. J. Malizio, M, C. Goodnough, J.
T. Barbieri, E. A. Johnson, D. L. Boger, T. J. Dickerson, and K. D. Janda.
An in vitro and in vivo disconnect uncovered through high-throughput identification
of botulinum neurotoxin A antagonists. PNAS 104:2602–2607 (2007).
Hill, K. K., T. J. Smith, C. H. Helma, L. O. Ticknor, B. T. Foley,
R. T. Svensson, J. L. Brown, E. A. Johnson, L. A. Smith, R. T. Okinaka, P.
J. Jackson, and J. D. Marks. Genetic diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing
clostridial strains. J. Bacteriol. 189:818–832 (2007).
Johnson, E. A. Clostridium botulinum. In: Food Microbiology:
Fundamentals and Frontiers, 3rd edition. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
(2007).
Johnson, E. A., and P. Setlow. Spores and their significance. In:
Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 3rd edition. ASM
Press, Washington, D.C. (2007).
Johnson, E. A., P. Summanen, and S. M. Finegold. Clostridium.
In: P. R. Murray (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th edition.
ASM Press, Washington, D. C. (2007).
Kale, R. R., C. M. Clancy, R. M. Vermillion, E. A. Johnson, and S.
S. Iyer. Synthesis of soluble multivalent glycoconjugates that target the
Hc region of botulinum neurotoxin A. Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett. 17(8):2459-2464
(2007).
Arndt, J. W., M. J. Jacobson, E. E. Abola, C. M. Forsyth, W. H.
Tepp, J. D. Marks, E. A. Johnson, and R. C. Stevens. A structural perspective
of the sequence variability within botulinum neurotoxin subtypes A1-A4.
J. Mol. Biol. 362(4):733–742 (2006).
Chai, Q., J. W. Arndt, M. Dong, W. H. Tepp, E. A. Johnson, E. R.
Chapman, R. C. Stevens. Structural basis of cell surface receptor recognition
by botulinum neurotoxin B. Nature 444(7122):1096–1100 (2006).
Dong, Min, F. Yeh, W. H. Tepp, C. Dean, E. A. Johnson, R.
Janz, and E. R. Chapman. SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin
A. Science 312(5773):592–596 (2006).
Johnson, E. A., G. E. Borodic, and M. A. Acquadro. Medical applications
of botulinum neurotoxins. In: J. E.. Alouf and M. R. Popoff (eds.),
Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, 3rd edition.
p. 959–975. Elsevier (2006).
Johnson, E. A., and E. J. Schantz. Miscellaneous natural intoxicants.
In: H. Riemann and D. O. Cliver (eds.), Foodborne Infections and Intoxications,
3rd edition. p. 663–709. Elsevier (2006).
Park, J. –S., S. Teren, W. H. Tepp, D. J. Beebe, E. A. Johnson, and
N. L. Abbott. Formation of oligopeptide-based polymeric membranes at interfaces
between aqueous phases and thermotropic liquid crystals. Chemistry Materials
18:6147–6151 (2006).
Anne, C., S. Turcaud, A. G. S. Blommaert, F. Darchen, E. A.
Johnson, and B. P. Roques. Partial protection against botulinum B neurotoxin-induced
blocking of exocytosis by a potent inhibitor of its metallopeptidase
activity. ChemBioChem. 6(8):1375–1380 (2005).
Baldwin, M. R., W. H. Tepp, C. L. Pier, M. Bradshaw, M. Ho,
B. A. Wilson, R. B. Fritz, E. A. Johnson, and J. T. Barbieri. Characterization
of the antibody response to the receptor binding domain of botulinum neurotoxin
serotypes A and E. Infect. Immun.73:6998–7005 (2005).
Borodic, G., M. Bartley, W. Slattery, M. Glasscock, E. Johnson,
C. Malazio, M. Goodnough, M. Acquadro, and M. McKenna. Botulinum toxin
for aberrant facial nerve regeneration: double-blind, placebo-controlled
trial using subjective endpoints. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 116(1):36–43
(2005).
Brehm-Stecher, B. F., J. J. Hyldig-Nielsen, and E. A. Johnson.
Design and evaluation of 16S rRNA-targeted peptide nucleic acid probes
for whole cell detection of the genus Listeria. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 71:5451–5457 (2005).
Johnson, E. A. Clostridial neurotoxins. In: P. Duerre, ed.
Handbook of Clostridia. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2005).
Johnson, E. A., and A. E. Larson. Lysozyme. In P.M. Davidson,
(ed)., Antimicrobials in Foods, 3rd edition. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, FL (2005).
Johnson, E. A., W. H. Tepp, M. Bradshaw, R. J. Gilbert,
P. E. Cook, and E. D. G. McIntosh. Characterization of Clostridium
botulinum strains associated with an infant botulism case in the United
Kingdom. J. Clinical Micro. 43:2602–2607 (2005).
Smith, T. J., J. Lou, I. N. Geren, C. M. Forsyth, R. Tsai,
S. L. LaPorte, W. H. Tepp, M. Bradshaw, E. A. Johnson, L. A. Smith, and
J. D. Marks. Sequence variation within botulinum neurotoxin serotypes
impacts antibody binding and neutralization. Infect. Immun. 73:5450–5457
(2005).
Baldwin, M.R., M. Bradshaw, E.A. Johnson, and J.T. Barbieri.
The C-terminus of botulinum neurotoxin type A light chain contributes
to solubility, catalysis, and stability. Protein Exp. Purif. 37:187–195
(2004).
Bradshaw, M., S. S. Dineen, N. D. Maks, and E. A. Johnson.
Regulation of neurotoxin complex expression in Clostridium botulinum
strains 62A, Hall A-hyper, and NCTC 2916. Anaerobe 10:321–333
(2004).
Brehm-Stecher, B. F., and E. A. Johnson. Single-cell
microbiology: Tools, technologies, and applications. Microbiol.
Molec. Biol. Rev. 68: 538–559 (2004).
Brehm-Stecher, B. F., and E. A. Johnson. Rapid nucleic acid-based
detection and enumeration of Listeria spp. by flow cytometry.
ILSI Listeria Research Update Proceedings. Food Protection Trends
24:761–763 (2004).
Dineen, S. S., M. Bradshaw, C. Karasek, and E. A. Johnson.
Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the type A2 neurotoxin
gene cluster in Clostridium botulinum.FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
235:9–16 (2004).
Dong, M., W. H. Tepp, E. A. Johnson, and E. R. Chapman.
Using fluorescent sensors to detect botulinum neurotoxin activity
in vitro and in living cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101:14701–14706
(2004).
Echavarri-Erasun, C. and E. A. Johnson. Stimulation
of astaxanthin formation in the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous
by the fungus Epicoccum nigrum. FEMS Yeast Res.
4:511–519 (2004).
Glass, K.A. and E.A. Johnson. Factors that contribute
to the botulinal safety of reduced-fat and fat-free process cheese
products. J. Food Prot. 67:1687–1693 (2004).
Glass, K.A. and E.A. Johnson. Antibotulinal activity
of process cheese ingredients. J. Food Prot. 67:1765–1769 (2004).
Glass, K.A. and E.A. Johnson. Antagonistic effect of
fat on the antibotulinal activity of food preservatives and fatty acids.
Food Microbiol. 21:675–682 (2004).
Moorthy, J., G. A. Mensing, D. Kim, S. Mohanty, D. T.
Eddington, W. H. Tepp, E. A. Johnson, and D. J. Beebe. Microfluidic
tectonics platform: a colorimetric, disposable botulinum toxin enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay system. Electrophoresis 25:1705–1713 (2004).
Puhar, A., E. A. Johnson, O. Rossetto, and C. Montecucco.
Comparison of the pH-induced conformational change of different clostridial
neurotoxins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 319:66–71 (2004).
Sukonpan, C., T. Oost, M. Goodnough, W. Tepp, E. A.
Johnson, and D. H. Rich. Synthesis of substrates and inhibitors of
botulinum neurotoxin type A metalloprotease. J. Peptide Res.
63(2):181–193 (2004).
Brehm-Stecher, B. F., and E. A. Johnson. Sensitization
of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to
antibiotics by the sesquiterpenoid nerolidol, farnesol, bisabolol,
and apritone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47(10):3357–3360
(2003).
Caccin, P, O. Rossetto, M. Rigoni, E. Johnson, G.
Schiavo, and C. Montecucco. VAMP/synaptobrevin cleavage by tetanus
and botulinum neurotoxins is strongly enhanced by acidic liposomes.
FEBS Lett. 542(1–3):132–136 (2003).
Dineen, S. S., M. Bradshaw, and E. A. Johnson.
Neurotoxin gene clusters in Clostridium botulinum type
A strains: Sequence comparison and evolutionary implications. Current
Microbiol. 46(5):345–352 (2003).
Dong, M., D. A. Richards, M. C. Goodnough, W. H.
Tepp, E. A. Johnson, and E. R. Chapman. Synaptotagmins I and II mediate
entry of botulinum neurotoxin B into cells. J. Cell Biol. 162(7):1293–1303
(2003).
Ferreira, J. L., S. Maslanka, E. Johnson, and M.
Goodnough. Detection of botulinal neurotoxins A, B, E, and F by amplified
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Collaborative study. J. AOAC
Int. 86(2):314–331 (2003).
Foran, P. G., N. Mohammed, G. O. Lisk, S. Nagwaney,
G. W. Lawrence, E. Johnson, L. Smith, K. R. Aoki, and J. O. Dolly.
Evaluation of the therapeutic usefulness of botulinum neurotoxin
B, C1, E, and F compared with the long lasting type A — Basis for distinct
durations of inhibition of exocytosis in central neurons. J.
Biol. Chem. 278(2):1363–1371 (2003).
Johnson, E. A. Phaffia rhodozyma: colorful
odyssey. Int. Microbiol. 6(3):169–174 (2003).
Johnson, E. A. Microbial adaptation and survival
in foods, pp. 75–103. In: Microbial Stress Adaptation and Food
Safety, A. E. Yousef and V. K. Juneja (eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton,
FL (2003).
Johnson, E. A. Bacterial pathogens and toxins in
foodborne disease. In: Food Safety: Contaminants and Toxins,
J.P.F. D'Mello (ed.). CABI Publishing (2003).
Oost, T., C. Sukonpan, M. Brewer, M. Goodnough,
W. Tepp, E.A. Johnson, and D.H. Rich. Design and synthesis of substrate-based
inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin type b metalloprotease. Biopolymers
71:602–619 (2003).
Echavarri-Erasun, C., and E. A. Johnson. Fungal carotenoids.
In Applied Mycology and Biotechnology, Vol. 2, Agriculture
and Food Production. Elsevier Science, The Netherlands (2002).
Finegold, S. M., D. Molitoris, Y. Song, C. Liu,
M.-L. Vaisanen, E. Bolte, M. McTeague, R. Sandler, H. Wexler, E.
M. M. Marlowe, M. D. Collins, P. A. Lawson, P. Summanen, M. Baysallar,
T. J. Tomzynski, E. Read, E. Johnson, R. Rolfe, P. Nasir, H. Shah,
D. A. Haake, P. Manning, and A. Kaul. Gastrointestinal microflora studies
in late-onset autism. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35(Suppl. 1):S6–S16
(2002).
Glass, K.A., D. A. Granberg, A. L. Smith, A.
M. McNamara, M. Hardin, J. Mattias, K. Ladwig, and E. A. Johnson.
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by sodium diacetate
and sodium lactate on wieners and cooked bratwurst. J. Food
Prot. 65:116–123 (2002).
Goodnough, M. C., G. Oyler, P. S. Fishman, E.
A. Johnson, E. A. Neale, J. E. Keller, W. H. Tepp, M. Clark, and
S. Hartz. Development of a delivery vehicle for intracellular transport
of botulinum neurotoxin antagonists. FEBS Lett. 513:163–168
(2002).
Johnson, E. A., M. C. Goodnough, C. M. Malizio,
W. H. Tepp, S. S. Dineen, and M. Bradshaw. Hybrid and chimeric botulinum
toxin molecules, pp. 477–484. In Scientific and Therapeutic Aspects
of Botulinum Toxin, M. F. Brin, M. Hallett, and J. Jankovic
(eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA (2002).
Johnson, E. A., and E. J. Schantz. Seafood
toxins. Chapt. 15. In: Foodborne Diseases, D. O. Cliver and
H. Riemann (eds.). 2nd edition, Academic Press (2002).
Peck, R. F., E. A. Johnson, and M. P. Krebs.
Identification of a lycopene beta-cyclase required for bacteriorhodopsin
biogenesis in the Archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. J.
Bacteriol. 184:2889–2897 (2002).
Borodic, G. E., M. Acquadro, and E. A. Johnson.
Botulinum toxin therapy for pain and inflammatory disorders: mechanisms
and therapeutic effects [Review]. Expert Opinion on Investigational
Drugs 10(8):1531–1544 (2001).
Glass, K. A., and E. A. Johnson. Formulating
low-acid foods for botulinal safety. pp. 323–350. In: Control
of Foodborne Organisms. V. K. Juneja and J. N. Sofos (eds.).
Marcel-Dekker, New York (2001).
Johnson, E. A., and M. Bradshaw. Clostridium
botulinum and its neurotoxins: a metabolic and cellular perspective
[Review]. Toxicon 39(11):1703–1722 (2001).
Pariza, M. W., and E. A. Johnson. Evaluating
the safety of microbial enzyme preparations used in food processing:
Update for a new century. Regulat. Toxicol. Pharmacol.
33:173–186 (2001).
Peck, R. F., C. Echavarri-Erasun, E. A. Johnson,
W. V. Ng, S. P. Kennedy, L. Hood, S. DasSarma, and M. P. Krebs MP.
Brp and blh are required for synthesis of the retinal cofactor of
bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium salinarum. J.
Biol. Chem. 276:5739–5744 (2001).
Rigoni, M., P. Caccin, E. A. Johnson, C. Montecucco,
and O. Rossetto. Site-directed mutagenesis identifies active-site
residues of the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin type A. Biochem.
Biophys. Res. Commun. 288:1231–1237 (2001).
Setlow, P., and E. A. Johnson. Spores and their
significance. In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers.
M. P. Doyle, L. R. Beuchat, and T. Montville (eds.). ASM Press, Washington,
DC. (2001).
Solomon, H. M., E. A. Johnson, D. T. Bernard,
S. S. Arnon, and J. L. Ferreira. Clostridium botulinum and
its toxins, p. 317–324. In: F. P. Downes and K. Ito (eds.), Compendium
for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, 4th edition. American
Public Health Association, Washington, DC. (2001).
An, G.-H., O.-S. Suh, H.-C. Kwon, K. Kim, and
E. A. Johnson. Quantification of carotenoids in cells of Phaffia
rhodozyma by autofluorescence. Biotechnol. Lett. 22:1031–1034
(2000).
Dineen, S. S., M. Bradshaw, and E. A. Johnson.
Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the gene encoding
the bacteriocin boticin B from Clostridium botulinum strain
213B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:5480–5483
(2000).
Johnson, E. A. Neurotoxigenic clostridia, p.
540–550. In: Gram-Positive Pathogens, V. A. Fischetti
et al. (eds.). Amer. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, D.C. (2000).
Johnson, E. A. Clostridia. In: Encyclopedia
of Microbiology, Second Edition, J. Lederberg (ed.). Academic
Press, Inc., San Diego (2000).
Johnson, E. A. Pigments, Microbially Produced.
In: Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Second Edition, J.
Lederberg (ed.). Academic Press, Inc., San Diego (2000).
Malizio, C. J., M. C. Goodnough, and E. A. Johnson.
Purification of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin.
In: Bacterial Toxins: Methods and Protocols, O. Holst (Ed.).
Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey (2000).
An, G. H., M. H. Cho, and E. A. Johnson. Monocyclic
carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma
(Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous). J. Biosci.
Bioengineer. 88:189–193 (1999).
Boekhout, T., J. W. Fell, C. P. Kurtzman, and
E. A. Johnson. Proposal to reject the name Rhodomyces dendrorhous
(Fungi, Basidiomycota). Taxon 48:147–148 (1999).
Glass, K. A., K. M. Kaufman, A. L. Smith, E.
A. Johnson, J. H. Chen, and J. Hotchkiss. Toxin production by Clostridium
botulinum in pasteurized milk treated with carbon dioxide.
J. Food Prot. 62:872–876 (1999).
Johnson, E. A. Biomedical aspects of botulinum
toxin. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 18:1–15 (1999).
Johnson, E. A. Clostridial toxins as therapeutic
agents: Benefits of nature's most toxic proteins. Annu. Rev.
Microbiol. 55:551–575 (1999).
Larson, A. E., and E. A. Johnson. Evaluation
of botulinal toxin production in packaged fresh-cut cantaloupe
and honeydew melons. J. Food Prot. 62:948-952 (1999).
Larson, A. E., E. A. Johnson, and J. H. Nelson.
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in commercial cheese
brines. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1860–1868 (1999).
Maksymowych, A. B., M. Reinhard, C. J. Malizio,
M. C. Goodnough, E. A. Johnson EA, and L. L. Simpson. Pure botulinum
neurotoxin is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine and
produces peripheral neuromuscular blockade. Infect. Immun.
67:4708-4712 (1999).
Nelson, J. A., D. A. Wubah, M. E. Whitmer, E.
A. Johnson, and D. J. Stewart. Wood-eating catfishes of the genus
Panaque: gut microflora and cellulolytic enzyme activities.
J. Fish Biol. 54:1069–1082 (1999).
Angulo, F.J., J. Getz, J. P. Taylor, K. A. Hendricks,
C. L. Hatheway, S. S. Barth, H. M. Solomon, A. E. Larson, E. A.
Johnson, L. N. Nickey, and A. A. Ries. Large outbreak of botulism
— the hazardous baked potato. J. Infect. Dis. 178:172–177
(1998)
Bradshaw, M., M. C. Goodnough, and E. A. Johnson.
Conjugative transfer of the Escherichia coli–Clostridium perfringens
shuttle vector PJIR1457 to Clostridium botulinum type A strains.
Plasmid 40:233–237 (1998).
Glass, K. A., K. M. Kaufman, and E. A. Johnson.
Survival of bacterial pathogens in pasteurized process cheese slices
stored at 30ºC. J. Food Protect. 61:290–294 (1998).
Hatheway, C. L., and E. A. Johnson. Clostridium:
the spore-bearing anaerobes, p. 731–782. In Topley and Wilson's
Microbiology and Microbial Infections, ninth edition. L. Collier,
A. Ballows, and M. Sussman (eds.). Vol. 2: Systematic Bacteriology.
Arnold: London (1998).
Johnson, E. A. Clostridium botulinum.
In Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. R. K. Robinson,
C. A. Batt, and P. D. Patel (eds.). Academic Press, London (1998).
Johnson, E. A., and M. C. Goodnough. Botulism,
pp. 723–741. In Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial
Infections, ninth edition. L. Collier, A. Ballows, and M. Sussman
(eds.). Vol. 3: Bacterial Infections. Arnold: London (1998).
Gu, W. J., G. H. An, and E. A. Johnson. Ethanol
increases carotenoid production in Phaffia rhodozyma. J.
Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19:113–117 (1997).
Johnson, E. A. Extrachromosomal virulence determinants
in the clostridia. In The Clostridia: Molecular Biology and
Pathogenesis. J. I. Rood (ed.) San Diego, CA, Academic Press
Ltd. Pp. 35–48 (1997).
Johnson, E. A., W.-J. Lin, Y.-T. Zhou, and M.
Bradshaw. Characterization of neurotoxin mutants in Clostridium
botulinum type A. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25(Suppl. 2):S168–S170
(1997).
Larson, A. E., E. A. Johnson, C. Barmore, and
M. Hughes. Evaluation of the botulism hazard from vegetables in modified
atmosphere packaging. J. Food Protect. 60:1208–1214 (1997).
Leyer, G. J., and E. A. Johnson. Acid adaptation
sensitizes Salmonella typhimurium towards hypochlorous
acid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:461–467 (1997).
Schantz, E. J., and E. A. Johnson. Botulinum
toxin: The story of its development for the treatment of
human disease. Perspect. Biol. Med. 40:317–327 (1997).
Setlow, P., and E. A. Johnson. Spores and their
significance. In Food Microbiology. Fundamentals and Frontiers.
M. P. Doyle, L. R. Beuchat, and T. J. Montville (eds.). American
Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. Pp. 30–65 (1997).
Wang, L.-L., and E. A. Johnson. Control of Listeria
monocytogenes by monoglycerides in foods. J. Food Protect.
60:131–138 (1997).
An, G.-H., K.-W. Chang, and E.A. Johnson. Effect
of oxygen radicals and aeration on carotenogenesis and growth of
Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous).
J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6:103–109 (1996).
Borodic, G., E. Johnson, M. Goodnough, and E.
Schantz. Botulinum toxin therapy, immunologic resistance, and problems
with available materials. Neurology 46:26–29 (1996).
Hutson, R. A., Y.-T. Zhou, E. A. Johnson, M.
D. Collins, C. L. Hatheway and H. Sugiyama. Genetic characterization
of Clostridium botulinum type A containing silent type B
neurotoxin gene sequences. J. Biol. Chem. 271:10786–10792
(1996).
Johnson, E.A., and W.A. Schroeder. Microbial
carotenoids. Advances in Biochem. Engineering/Biotechnology
53:119–178. (1996).
Larson, A.E., R.R.Y. Yu, O.A. Lee, S. Price,
G.J. Haas, and E.A. Johnson. Antimicrobial activity of hop extracts
against Listeria monocytogenes in media and in food.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 33:195–207 (1996).
Nickelson, R. II, J. Luchansky, C. Kaspar, and
E. Johnson. Dry fermented sausage and E. coli O157:H7. National
Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Chicago, IL. Research Report. No.
11-316, 11 pp. (1996).
Pellizari, R., O. Rossetto, L. Lozzi, S. Giovedi,
E. A. Johnson, C. C. Shone, and C. Montecucco. Structural determinants
of the specificity for synaptic vesicle-associated membrane protein/synaptobrevin
of tetanus and botulinum type B and G neurotoxins. J. Biol. Chem.
271:20353–20358 (1996).
Schroeder, W.A., P. Calo, M.L. DeClercq, and
E.A. Johnson. Selection for carotenogenesis in the yeast Phaffia
rhodozyma by dark-generated singlet oxygen. Microbiology
142:2923–2929 (1996).
Borodic, G.E., B. Pearce, D. Duane, and E.A. Johnson.
Antibodies to botulinum toxin. Neurology 45:204 (1995).
Johnson, E.A., and M.C. Goodnough. Preparation
and properties of botulinum toxin type A for medical use. In Handbook
of Dystonia. J.K.C. Tsui and D.B. Calne (eds.). Marcel
Dekker, New York. Pp. 346–365 (1995).
Johnson, E.A., and W.A. Schroeder. Astaxanthin
from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. Studies in Mycology
38:81–90 (1995).
Johnson, E.A., and W.A. Schroeder. Microbial
carotenoids. Advances in Biochem. Engineering/Biotechnology
53:119–178. (1995).
Leyer, G.J., L.-L. Wang, and E.A. Johnson. Acid
adaptation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 increases survival
in acidic foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3752–3755
(1995).
Lin, W.-L., and E.A. Johnson. Genome analysis
of Clostridium botulinum type A by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:4441–4447 (1995).
Luchansky, J.B., and E.A. Johnson. Trends and
tactics for reducing fat and cholesterol—addressing dairy issues.
Prepared Foods 164(8):73 (1995).
Pearce, L.B., G.E. Borodic, E.A. Johnson, E.R.
First, and R. MacCallum. The median paralysis unit: a more pharmacologically
relevant unit of biological activity for botulinum toxin. Toxicon
33:217–227 (1995).
Schroeder, W.A., and E.A. Johnson. Carotenoids
protect Phaffia rhodozyma against singlet oxygen damage.
J. Indust. Microbiol. 14:502–507 (1995).
Schroeder, W.A., and E.A. Johnson. Singlet oxygen
and peroxyl radicals regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in Phaffia
rhodozyma. J. Biol. Chem. 270:18374–18379 (1995).
Zhou, Y., H. Sugiyama, H. Nakano, and E.A. Johnson.
The genes for Clostridium botulinum type G toxin complex
are on a plasmid. Infect. Immun. 63:2087–2091 (1995).
